[Evaluation of prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic masses of breast in women visiting in khanevadeh hospital [Oct 2005-2006]]

Mammary disorders are among the most important elements causing women to present to a physician. Mammary disorders can Vary form benign masses to malignant cancerous tumors. The occurrence and the elements contributing to the occurrence of asymptomatic breast tumors in the women having presented to Army staff's family Hospital within the term from Oct 2005-2006. This is a descriptive- analytical study carried out on 660 subjects. The subjects were sleeted at random from among the mummer presenting. To the clinic for reasons other than mammary disorders. They were subjected to full breast examinations. Questionnaires were distributed among the subjects in order to survey the elements contributing to the occurrence of breast tumors and the results from the completed questionnaires were analyzed. 5 numbers of total 660 patients were examined in this research had breast tumors and only one case had malignant mass.20% of them malignant 20% cyst and 60% were fibroadenoma. frequency of asymptomatic breast tumors in this study are [0/7%] and 80% of them is benign where as 20% of asymptomatic breast mass was malignant therefore self examination and examination by physician periodically, specially in high risk patient is important

effect of mother - infant skin to skin contact on mother's attachment

Human being's mental health depends on the quality of personal communications. The first experience of this communication starts with mother infant interaction and increases mother's attachment to their infants. Since mother infant skin to skin contact is one of the methods to increase attachment, This study was conducted to investigate mother - infant skin to skin contact on mother's attachment. In this randomized control trial 79 cesarean-sectioned women were allocated. The first selection hospitals for groups assignment [40 women in case and 39 in control group] was random. The place of two groups changed during five days. Experimental group received skin to skin contact, 20-30 minutes daily. Mother's attachment tool was used to define attachment and anxiety regarding children. Mother's attachment was investigated on the first, third and tenth days post cesarean section. The data were analysed by t-student pairedt and regression tests. The findings showed a significant difference between mother's attachment on the third and tenth days in both groups. The findings also showed that there was a significant difference between mother's attachment in both groups on the first tenth and first-third days post cesarean-section. Regression test showed that only mother-infant skin to skin contact and mother's attachment on the first day affected mother's attachment on the third day. According to the findings, mother - infant skin to skin contact is an efficient method to increase mothers attachment and to lower their anxiety regarding children. Mother - infant skin to skin contact is suggested as a way to reach maternal health

Study of the stressors associated with pregnancy

Background and Purpose: Pregnancy is a potentially stressful event which can lead to such complications as nausea, insomnia, preterm labor, preeclampsia and_so on. Due to the spectacular case of developing countries and insufficient information in this regard, the present study is conducted to determine the stressors associated with pregnancy

Methods and Materials: This study is a descriptive-analytical research. In order to develop an instrument for determining the stressors appropriate to the social and cultural status of Iranian community, a qualitative approach was adopted to do a semistructured interview with obstetricians and 30 pregnant women who varied in age, parity, education, etc. Content validity used for validation, and Cronbach alpha was calculated [0.75] for the reliability of the instrument. Relevant data were obtained in four categories including personal characteristics, fertility, stressors and social support through multistage sampling and structured interview with 165 qualified pregnant women who referred to private and governmental care centers in Mashad, Iran in 1377 [1998]. Data analysis was dined in SPSS using factor analysis and chi-square with the confidence interval of 95 percent

Results: 51 stressors associated with pregnancy were identified: [1] Health, [2] What people think of me, [3] Environmental matters, [4] Family-Personal Relationships, [5] Religious issues and [6] Financial Problems. The strongest stressor include giving birth to babies with major disease or disorder, labor pain, damage to mother's health during pregnancy or labor, change in the Planning. 16.7% experienced server stress and 13.6% mild stress. Statistically significant relationships were found to exist between stress and mother's education, satisfaction of marriage, gravidity, parity, satisfaction rate of pregnancy, social support and partner support [p<0.05]

Conclusion: Due to the importance of pregnant mother's emotional health and the relation of stress to some pregnancy complications, the results of this research helps identify vulnerable mother's and factors including stress in pregnant mother's and thus suggested consideration of the emotional aspects by giving them support and training

Efficacy and effectiveness of Beck's with Teasdale's cognitive therapies in treatment of dysthymia

The aim of this research was to investigate the efficacy of Beck's cognitive therapy versus Teasdale's in treatment of dysthymia. Six subjects [two males and four females] were selected by convenient sampling and were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. The methodology was a multiple-baseline experimental single case study. Subjects completed Beck's Depression Inventory [BDI] and Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale [DASS] at pre-treatment [baseline], treatment [4 and 8 sessions], post-treatment [twelfth session], and at follow-up [two months after treatment]. Also, subjects completed the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale [DAS], and the Internal-External Control Scale [IECS] at pre-treatment [baseline] and post-treatment [twelfth session]. The results revealed that both Beck's and Teasdale cognitive therapies were effective in decreasing dysthymic symptoms that was more prominent with the latter method. Teasdale's cognitive therapy can be more effective than Beck's in reducing dysthymic symptoms

Comparing efficacy and effectiveness of ERP and DIRT methods in treatment of compulsive washing

This study was carried out to compare the efficacy of Danger Ideation Reduction Therapy [DIRT] with Exposure and Response Prevention [ERP] method in treatment of compulsive washing. Six females with compulsive washing were selected to take part in a multiple-baseline type single-subject experimental trial, and were divided in 2 groups. Subjects of each group answered to the Maudseley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory [MOCI], Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale [DASS] and Subjective United Discomfort Scale [SUD] at three stages of: baseline, fourth, and final sessions. Data were presented in charts. This research indicated that both DIRT and ERP [especially DIRT] were effective in alleviating the symptoms of compulsive washing. DIRT is more effective than ERP for treatment of compulsive washing

[Impact of cognitive behaviour therapy on anxiety level of primary infertile women undergoing IUI]

Infertility and its numerous treatment programs create crisis in infertile women's life and is a potent source of anxiety. Since cognitive behavioural therapy might be efficacious for emotional aspect of infertility, therefore we designed a study for evaluation of cognitive behaviour therapy effect on anxiety level in primary infertile women undergoing IUI in Montaserieh Infertility Research Center from May to August 2001. In this randomized controlled clinical trial 110 women with primary infertility that were undergoing IUI for first time randomly were allocated to two groups of experimental and control. In first visit for IUI treatment [beginning of study] state and trait anxiety of all subjects were measured by Spiel Berger anxiety inventory. The experimental group completed a cognitive behaviour therapy program including cognitive restructuring and relaxation for 12-13 days. Control group received only routine cares. State and trait anxiety were measured in 30 minutes before and after IUI for two groups. Findings showed that state and trait anxiety scores in beginning of study were not significantly different between two groups. But state anxiety scores during and end of study were significantly different which there was more decrease in experimental group. Trait anxiety score were not significantly different at the beginning, before and end of study. The mean of difference state anxiety at beginning and during study and beginning and end of study was significantly different and beginning and end of study in two groups. Also the mean of difference between trait anxiety at beginning and during study and beginning and end of study was significantly different in two groups, while the mean of difference between trait anxiety during and end of study was not significant. The results of study showed that cognitive behaviour therapy is effective in reduction of anxiety in women undergoing IUI treatment, so we recommend securing psychological well being in women undergoing infertility treatment